The supraspinal descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) shapes pain perception via
monoaminergic modulation of sensory information in the spinal cord. However, the role and …

In the descending analgesia pathway, opioids are known to disinhibit the projections from
the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), leading to …

The ability to modulate pain perception is as critical to survival as pain itself. The most
known pain modulation pathway is the PAG–RVM (periaqueductal gray–rostral …

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is a bulbospinal nuclei in the descending pain
modulation system, and directly affects spinal nociceptive transmission through …

The descending pain modulatory pathway exerts important bidirectional control of
nociceptive inputs to dampen and/or facilitate the perception of pain. The ventrolateral …

The treatment of neuropathic pain remains a clinical challenge. Analgesic drugs and
antidepressants are frequently ineffective, and opioids may induce side effects, including …

Central noradrenergic centers such as the locus coeruleus (LC) are traditionally viewed as
pain inhibitory; however, complex interactions among brainstem pathways and their …

The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is one of the major targets of spinal projection neurons and
plays important roles in pain. However, the architecture of the spinoparabrachial pathway …

Pain thresholds are, in part, set as a function of emotional and internal states by descending
modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Neurons of the rostral …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …