Highlights•T cell exhaustion represents a continuous spectrum of CD8 T cell dysfunction
defined in models of chronic viral infection.•It is associated with persistent viraemia and is a …

In chronic infections and in cancer, persistent antigen stimulation under suboptimal
conditions can lead to the induction of T-cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are …

During acute viral infection CD8 T cells rapidly expand before contracting down to a
persistent memory population that confers long‐lasting immunity. However when the antigen …

Introduction: T cell functions are altered during chronic viral infections and tumor
development. This is mainly manifested by significant changes in T cells' epigenetic and …

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections
and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory …

In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or
inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

Simple Summary It has been known for decades that immune T cells, especially due to their
capacity for powerful antigen-directed cytotoxicity, have become a central focus for engaging …

During chronic viral infection or cancer, the immune system usually induces a corresponding
immune response against pathogens or cancer cells so as to prevent worsening disease. T …

The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger-and non-danger signals,
thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or …