Youth (including both childhood and adolescence) is a period when the brain undergoes
dramatic remodeling and is also a time when neuropsychiatric conditions often emerge …

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative
disorder after Alzheimer's disease and gender differences have been described on several …

The underlying assumption in popular and scientific publications on sex differences in the
brain is that human brains can take one of two forms “male” or “female,” and that the …

Growing evidence supports significant involvement of immune dysfunction in the etiology of
neurodegenerative diseases, several of which also display prominent sex differences across …

The words “sex” and “gender” are often used interchangeably in common usage. In fact, the
Merriam-Webster dictionary offers “sex” as the definition of gender. The authors of this …

Despite decades of research, we do not know the functional significance of most sex
differences in the brain. We are heavily invested in the idea that sex differences in brain …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Microglia and astrocytes are the primary immune cells within the central nervous system …

There are many differences in brain structure and function between males and females.
However, how these differences were manifested during development and maintained …

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the …

In this mini-review, I summarize and interpret the current status of sex/gender differences in
terms of brain anatomy, brain function, behavior, and cognition. Based on this review and …