The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for many housekeeping functions within the
cell and is an important site for pathways that regulates its state of homeostasis. When …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle in eukaryotic cells for the storage
and regulated release of calcium and as the entrance to the secretory pathway. Protein …

Mitochondrial unfolded protein response is a form of retrograde signaling that contributes to
ensuring the maintenance of quality control of mitochondria, allowing functional integrity of …

Stress induced by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is
observed in many physiological and pathological conditions. To cope with endoplasmic …

Within the cell, several mechanisms exist to maintain homeostasis of the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). One of the primary mechanisms is the unfolded protein response (UPR). In …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in protein folding, assembly, and
secretion. Disruption of ER homeostasis may lead to accumulation of misfolded or unfolded …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is commonly referred to as the factory of the cell, as it is
responsible for a large amount of protein and lipid synthesis. As a membrane-bound …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates protein synthesis, protein folding and trafficking,
cellular responses to stress and intracellular calcium (Ca 2+) levels. Alterations in Ca 2+ …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle critical for the proper folding
and assembly of secreted and transmembrane proteins. Perturbations of ER functions cause …

The ability to respond to perturbations in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function is a
fundamentally important property of all cells, but ER stress can also lead to apoptosis. In …