Each year thousands of chemi cals undergo rigorous testing designed to evaluate their
poten tial toxicity. Almost all of the tests take place in animals: the reactions of rats, rabbits …

Public concern for animal welfare has been expressed through legislative control of animal
use for experimental purposes since the first legislation was introduced in 1876 in the United …

Developments in cell culture and in bioanalytical and computer technology have resulted in
the rapid proliferation of new procedures for use in the hazard evaluation of chemicals (1) …

Editor's Note: This article is thefirst ofa three-part series that explores and evaluates past,
current, andfiuture uses ofanimals in toxicity testing. The second article willfocus on …

In toxicology the development and application of in vitro alternatives to reduce or replace
animal testing, or to lessen the distress and discomfort of laboratory animals, is a rapidly …

This substantially updated edition presents fundamental principles and concepts behind the
various types of toxicological studies, and explains how to design and conduct studies and …

Toxicity testing is paramount in the screening of newly developed drugs before it can be
used on humans. The essence of toxicity testing is not just to check how safe a test …

This volume considers the second report of the FRAME Toxicity Committee presenting
reviews and discussions by invited authors and general discussions. It covers developments …

Toxicity testing has relied almost exclusively on the use of whole animal systems to describe
pathologic consequences of chemical exposures, to elucidate mechanisms of action, and to …

The 1980s saw widespread acceptance of the Three Rs (reduction, refinement,
replacement) concept of alternatives, and a great deal of effort was put into the development …