Objective: This randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial compared the levels of
interferon γ (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E< sub> 2(PGE< sub> 2), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the …

Background: Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that inflammation is the link between
periodontal diseases and cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to evaluate the …

Background: The understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis makes various
progresses in the last decades. Today it is well known that the synthesis of high levels of pro …

Background: Researchers considered the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors
offered the prospect for reducing periodontal inflammation without the side effects, which …

Objective and design: To examine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine mouthrinse (CHX) in
addition to daily plaque control on gingival inflammation. Methods: Fifty gingivitis patients …

Cytokines are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Because periodontal disease is known for its inhomogeneous distribution within the …

Although a number of inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with
periodontal pathogenesis, it is important to investigate further whether these biomarkers are …

Cytokines are pivotal to the immune response of chronic periodontitis. The present study
investigated the changes of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon …

Background: Nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for
inflammation control and pain relief. However, while the adjunct use of NSAIDs is avoided …

Background: Periodontitis has been suggested as a source of inflammation for pathological
changes in distant sites. Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) has shown to have specific roles in …