Long‐term disability after stroke is common but the mechanisms of post‐stroke recovery
remain unclear. Cerebral Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac) 1 contributes to …

Previous studies revealed a peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) 1 promoting activity of
Clostridium botulinum C3 2 exoenzyme or a 26 mer C-terminal peptide fragment covering …

Growth inhibitory proteins block axon regeneration in the CNS. Many growth inhibitory
proteins have been identified, and the Nogo66 receptor (NgR) binds the three major myelin …

Abstract Small Rho GTPases are key regulators of the cytoskeleton in a great variety of cells.
Rho function mediates morphological changes as well as locomotor activity. Using astrocyte …

Neurite plasticity is a critical aspect of brain functional recovery after stroke. Emerging data
suggest that Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) plays a central role in axonal …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the inactivation of intracellular Rho to stimulate
axon growth and regeneration. In tissue culture, inactivation of the Rho signaling pathway is …

The regeneration of adult peripheral neurons after transection is slow, incomplete and
encumbered by severe barriers to proper regrowth. The role of RHOA GTPase has not been …

Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase (botulinum C3 exoenzyme) is an
exoenzyme which is produced as a single polypeptide of about 23 kDa by Clostridium …

The C3 transferases from Clostridium botulinum (C3bot) and Clostridium limosum (C3lim)
mono‐ADP‐ribosylate and thereby inactivate RhoA,‐B and‐C of eukaryotic cells. Due to …

ADP-ribosylation of Rho (A, B, C) by the family of exoenzyme C3-like transferases induces
reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton based on inactivation of RhoA. No data are …