Mono ADP-ribosylation is a common characteristic of bacterial toxins resulting to aberrant
activation or inactivation of target proteins. The C3 exoenzyme of Clostridium botulinum …

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) produced by Clostridium botulinum inhibits Ca2+-
dependent acetylcholine (ACh) release (neuroexocytosis) at peripheral neuromuscular …

ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 is an exoenzyme produced by several strains of Clostridium
botulinum. It was serendipitously detected during screening for high producer strains of C …

The distribution of protein kinase C (α, β, γ subtypes) was studied using
immunocytochemical techniques in normal nerve fibers and in regenerating sprouts (growth …

Axonal regeneration can occur within hours of injury, the first step being the formation of a
new growth cone. For sensory and retinal axons, regenerative ability in vivo correlates with …

After spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals, severed axons fail to regenerate, due to both
extrinsic inhibitory factors, eg, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and myelin …

In axotomised regenerating axons, the first step toward successful regeneration is the
formation of a growth cone. This requires a variety of dynamic morphological and …

Intracellular signaling pathways that promote axon regeneration are closely linked to the
mechanism of neurite outgrowth. TC10, a signaling molecule that acts on neurite outgrowth …

Various strains of Clostridium botulinum type C and D produce the exoenzyme C3 (1, 2, 3)
which ADP-ribosylates the small GTP-binding proteins rho (4, 5) and rac (6). C3 is encoded …

Inhibition of RhoA has been shown to enhance axonal regeneration following spinal cord
injury. Here we mapped mRNA expression patterns of RhoA, B, and C, Rac1, Cdc42, and …