Highlights•Peptide and small molecule modulators are important regulators of
behavior.•Multiple neuromodulatory systems regulate sleep in mammals and insects.• …

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged in recent years as a tractable system for
studying sleep. The sleep-wake dichotomy represents one of the principal transitions in …

The advantages of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, including low genetic
redundancy, functional simplicity, and the ability to conduct large-scale genetic screens …

Sleep is a highly conserved behavior whose role is as yet unknown, although it is widely
acknowledged as being important. Here we provide an overview of many vital questions …

Sleep is a fundamental feature of life for virtually all multicellular animals, but many
questions remain about how sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms, homeostatic sleep …

Sleep consists of quiescent periods with reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. Despite
being maladaptive in that when asleep, animals are less able to respond to dangerous …

Highlights•Complex regulation of sleep and wake is traced through mushroom body input
and outputs.•The central complex promotes sleep and mediates sleep-drive.• …

In 2000, Drosophila melanogaster joined the ranks of vertebrates and invertebrates with a
defined behavioral sleep state. The characterization of this sleep state revealed striking …

Sleep is critical for diverse aspects of brain function in animals ranging from invertebrates to
humans. Powerful genetic tools in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have identified—at …

Sleep is thought to be controlled by two main processes: a circadian clock that primarily
regulates sleep timing and a homeostatic mechanism that detects and responds to sleep …