Background. Resistance to antiretroviral combination therapy is associated with increased
mortality. Understanding the relative risks of emerging resistance to first-line therapy is of …

Objectives South Africa's national antiretroviral (ARV) treatment program expanded in 2010
to include the nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTI) tenofovir (TDF) for …

Objectives To assess second‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) virological failure and HIV
drug resistance‐associated mutations (RAMs), in support of third‐line regimen planning in …

Objectives We investigated the prevalence and patterns of pre-treatment and acquired HIV
drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in Tanzania as a 'treat all'strategy, virological monitoring …

Objectives There is conflicting evidence on the impact of pre-existing HIV drug resistance
mutations (DRMs) in patients infected with non-B subtype virus. Methods We performed a …

Objective: To assess the virological response, genotypic resistance profiles, and
antiretroviral plasma concentrations in HIV-2 antiretroviral-treated (antiretroviral therapy …

Objective: To assess the mutational patterns and factors associated with baseline drug-
resistant HIV-1 present at initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) at 3 sites in …

Objective To determine the frequency and patterns of acquired antiretroviral drug resistance
in a rural primary health care programme in South Africa. Design Cross-sectional study …

Baseline plasma samples of 490 randomly selected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve
patients from seven hospitals participating in the first nationwide Ethiopian HIV-1 cohort …

We performed a countrywide assessment of HIV drug resistance among 123 patients with
virological failure on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kenya. The percentage of …