For years, females were thought of as smaller men with complex hormonal cycles; as a
result, females have been largely excluded from preclinical and clinical research. However …

Sex has a profound impact on myocardial remodeling, which is defined as the molecular
and cellular events after an injury to the myocardium (ie, necrosis, pressure overload …

Abstract Purpose of the Review This review summarizes sex-related changes in the heart
and vasculature that occur with aging, both in the presence and absence of cardiovascular …

Important sex differences in the onset and characteristics of cardiovascular disease are
evident, yet the mechanistic details remain unresolved. Men are more susceptible to …

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the most frequent cause of mortality among men and
women. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that premenopausal women …

This review takes into consideration the main mechanisms involved in cellular remodeling
following an ischemic injury, with special focus on the possible role played by non-genomic …

Women experience a dramatical raise in cardiovascular events after menopause. The
decline in estrogens is pointed to as the major responsible trigger for the increased risk of …

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease and cardiac physiology have been reported in
humans as well as in animal models. Premenopausal women have reduced cardiovascular …

Aging promotes structural and functional remodeling of the heart, even in the absence of
external factors. There is growing clinical and experimental evidence supporting the …

Epidemiological studies demonstrate disparities between men and women in cardiovascular
disease prevalence, clinical symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Enrollment of women in …