Addiction has been conceptualized as a three-stage cycle—binge/intoxication,
withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation—that worsens over time and …

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disorder that progresses from neurobiological
mechanisms involved in positive reinforcement to mechanisms involved in negative …

Stress is one of the most commonly reported precipitants of drug use and is considered the
number one cause of relapse to drug abuse. For the past several decades, there have been …

Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive
drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication …

Addition is a chronic relapsing illness affected by multiple social, individual and biological
factors that significantly impact course and recovery of the illness. Stress interacts with these …

Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This
selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress …

Dysregulation of the brain emotional systems that mediate arousal and stress is a key
component of the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Drug addiction is a chronically …

In this chapter, we briefly review the basic biology of psychological stress and the stress
response. We propose that psychological stress and the neurobiology of the stress response …

Drug addiction or substance-use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that progresses
through binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation …

Drug addiction can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in
limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is …