Heart failure was at one time thought to be simply a problem of poor ventricular contractility
leading to depressed hemodynamics. During the last 20 years, however, researchers have …

Over the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of heart failure
pathophysiology. Heart failure is no longer conceptualized as a hemodynamic disorder …

The syndrome of chronic heart failure develops over the course of many years and is
preceded by an initiating cardiovascular event such as myocardial infarction, hypertension …

Our conceptual framework of chronic heart failure is based upon the neurohormonal model.
In this construct, neurohormonal systems that provide short-term homeostasis remain …

Since the term “remodeling” was used more than 20 years ago [1], a multitude of studies in
both animal models of experimentally-induced heart failure and humans with heart failure …

When the heart faces a hemodynamic challenge (pressure or volume overload, myocardial
infarction, etc.), mechanical, neurohormonal, and metabolic changes occur and impact on …

Irrespective of the causes or the clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure (CHF), or
even the criteria used to define it, one fact of the syndrome is irrefutable: CHF is a …

Heart failure may be viewed as a progressive disorder that is impelled, at least in part, by
progressive left ventricular (LV) remodeling. In the present discussion we will review the role …

Recent clinical investigations have provided new insights into physiologic alterations taking
place as heart failure progresses. As a result, new end points may be more relevant to …

Cardiac dysfunction in heart failure is widely recognized as a progressive process
regardless of clinical signs and symptoms. It is now well accepted that the key to success in …