Endogenous ligands released from damaged cells, so-called damage-associated molecular
pattern molecules (DAMPs), activate innate signaling pathways including the TLRs. We …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) initiate inflammatory pathways that are
common to both sterile and infectious processes. The DAMP, high-mobility group box 1 …

Abstract Ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is a process whereby an initial hypoxic insult and
subsequent return of blood flow leads to the propagation of innate immune responses and …

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear factor that is released extracellularly as a
late mediator of lethality in sepsis as well as after necrotic, but not apoptotic, death. Here we …

Endogenous ligands such as high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and nucleic acids are
released by dying cells and bind Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Because TLR9 sits at the …

Liver ischemia reperfusion activates innate immune system to drive the full development of
inflammatory hepatocellular injury. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is ubiquitously expressed on parenchymal and immune
cells of the liver and is the most studied TLR responsible for the activation of …

TLRs are recognized as promoters of tissue damage, even in the absence of pathogens.
TLR binding to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by injured host …

Sterile inflammatory insults are known to activate innate immunity and propagate organ
damage through the recognition of extracellular damage‐associated molecular pattern …

Gasdermin D (GSDMD), a genetic substrate for inflammatory caspases, plays a central role
in pyroptosis of macrophages and release of interleukin‑1β (IL-1β), but was mainly referred …