Abstract Ca 2+/cation antiporter (CaCA) proteins are integral membrane proteins that
transport Ca 2+ or other cations using the H+ or Na+ gradient generated by primary …

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) possess an environmental adaptation for survival at low
CO2 concentrations. The adaptation is known as a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) …

Cyanobacterial CO2-fixation is supported by a CO2-concentrating mechanism which
improves photosynthesis by saturating the primary carboxylating enzyme, ribulose 1, 5 …

Carbon dioxide uptake and water vapour release in plants occur through stomata, which are
formed by guard cells. These cells respond to light intensity, CO2 and water availability, and …

Cyanobacteria evolved an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to perform
effective oxygenic photosynthesis and prevent photorespiratory carbon losses. This process …

The freshwater monocot Ottelia alismoides is the only known species to operate three CO2-
concentrating mechanisms (CCMs): constitutive bicarbonate (HCO3–) use, C4 …

Plants rely on the Calvin–Benson (CB) cycle for CO2 fixation. The key carboxylase of the CB
cycle is ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). Efforts to enhance …

The cyanobacterial CO 2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) is an effective adaptation that
increases the carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration around the primary photosynthetic …

Much of the research aimed at improving photosynthesis and crop productivity attempts to
overcome shortcomings of the primary CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco. Cyanobacteria utilize a …

Increases in the environmental osmolarity are key determinants for the growth of
microorganisms. To ensure a physiologically acceptable level of cellular hydration and …