Nature produces hierarchical, functional materials by shaping amorphous mineral
precursors under physiological conditions. Although biominerals inspire the architectures of …

With the expanding knowledge on structure–property relations in biogenic minerals, an
emerging challenge is to decipher the underlying biochemical and physical mechanisms of …

Mineralization can be divided into the nucleation of amorphous precursors and the
subsequent amorphous to crystalline transformation. Although the biomimetic …

Organisms use gene and cell engineering to tailor the mineralization process and
synthesize structure composites with special functions and favorable properties. This spurs …

Materials science has been informed by nonclassical pathways to crystallization, based on
biological processes, about the fabrication of damage-tolerant composite materials. Various …

Organisms use inorganic ions and macromolecules to regulate crystallization from
amorphous precursors, endowing natural biominerals with complex morphologies and …

Organisms tune the metastability of amorphous calcium carbonates (ACC), often by
incorporation of additives such as phosphate ions and water molecules, to serve diverse …

Biomineralization is an active, biologically governed process of mineral formation,
established early on in the history of life. The appearance of biomineralizing organisms …

Through biomineralization, calcareous composites are produced with exceptional
properties, evolution-optimized for specific function. The bioinspired quest to understand …

Many biomineralization systems start from transient amorphous precursor phases, but the
exact crystallization pathways and mechanisms remain largely unknown. The study of a well …