Gram-negative bacteria use the sophisticated type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete a
large number of exoproteins into the extracellular environment. Five proteins of the T2SS …

Bacteria have long been thought of as little more than sacks of homogeneously distributed
enzymes. However, recent cytological studies indicate that bacteria are compartmentalized …

Pathogenic bacteria assemble a variety of adhesive structures on their surface for
attachment to host cells. Some of these structures are quite complex. For example, the hair …

Diverse bacterial species use type IVa pili (T4aP) to interact with their environments. The
dynamic extension and retraction of T4aP is critical for their function, but the mechanisms …

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a bacterial nanomachine for the transport of effector
molecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It involves the assembly of a tubular …

Homologues of the protein constituents of the Klebsiella pneumoniae (Klebsiella oxytoca)
type II secreton (T2S), the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus/fimbrium biogenesis …

Type IV pilins and pseudopilins are found in various prokaryotic envelope protein
complexes, including type IV pili and type II secretion machineries of gram-negative …

Type IV pili (Tfp) are arguably the most widespread pili in bacteria, whose biogenesis
requires a complex machinery composed of as many as 18 different proteins. This includes …

The type II secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria is important for bacterial
pathogenesis and survival; it is composed of 12 mostly multimeric core proteins, which build …

The type II secretion pathway or the main terminal branch of the general secretion pathway,
as it has also been referred to, is widely distributed among Proteobacteria, in which it is …