The exponential growth of the service economy has increased the attention that
organizational researchers have paid to the concept of emotional labor. Although much …

Research on emotional labor focuses on how employees utilize 2 main regulation strategies—
surface acting (ie, faking one's felt emotions) and deep acting (ie, attempting to feel required …

This article conceptualizes the emotional labor construct in terms of four dimensions:
frequency of appropriate emotional display, attentiveness to required display rules, variety of …

Managing emotions in the workplace, termed emotional labor (Hochschild, 1983), is
becoming increasingly important as the economy continues to become more service …

In this chapter, we cumulate the results of empirical research on the predictors and
outcomes of emotional labor. After a discussion of the definitions and operationalizations of …

A close examination of the emotional labor literature reveals a myriad of concep tualizations
contributing to a current state of theoretical disorientation. The purpose of this chapter is to …

Emotional labor can be defined as the degree of manipulation of one's inner feelings or
outward behavior to display the appropriate emotion in response to display rules or …

This investigation had two purposes. The first was to determine whether the display of
naturally felt emotions is distinct from surface acting and deep acting as a method of …

Three decades after its introduction as a concept, emotional labor—regulating emotions as
part of the work role—is fully on the map in organizational behavior and organizational …

In response to 2 areas for development in the emotional labor literature—(a) the
contemporaneous associations between emotional labor and affective reactions, and (b) …