Morphine and related opioids are the mainstay of analgesic treatment, especially in patients
suffering chronic pain. Besides their antinociceptive effects they may also exhibit anxiolytic …

Background: Severe pain reduces quality of life of patients with various diseases, often
because chronic morphine therapy results in reduced analgesic effectiveness, or tolerance …

Objective Previous studies have found that sildenafil produces antinociception in
experimental models. This work was undertaken to determine the participation of the …

The study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the diabetes-induced
decrease of the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The nociceptive threshold in diabetic and …

Morphine is a μ-opioid analgesic drug which is used in the treatment and management of
chronic pain. However, due to development of antinociceptive tolerance its clinical use is …

Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic drug widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes
mellitus. We have recently demonstrated that metformin exhibits activity in models of …

The development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance limits its therapeutic
efficacy in pain management. Atorvastatin, or competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-methyl …

The mechanism of intrathecal antinociceptive action of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor
sildenafil was assessed in diabetic rats using the formalin test. Intrathecal administration of …

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in numerous physiological processes of the central and
peripheral nervous system. This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of PPARγ and NO …

Several works reveal that nitric oxide could enhance the peripheral antinociception induced
by opioids during acute inflammation. Nonetheless, the role of nitric oxide in the local …