The traditional view conceptualizes pain as being directly associated with the extent of
physical pathology. The observations that there are a number of patients who report pain in …

The relationship of pain to personality and the significance have been discussed. Pain may
first be evidence of tissue damage, secondly it may be used as a means of communicating …

• Acute and chronic pain complaints are in part determined by psychological factors
unrelated to disease or trauma. Suffering associated with acute pain is greatly influenced by …

Theories of pain mechanisms, since the beginning of the century, have undergone
evolutionary changes based partly on the accumulation of new experimental evidence and …

The mechanisms whereby psychological illness can promote pain are discussed and the
principal relevant psychiatric conditions are described. These include anxiety, depression …

Many chronic pain syndromes, as well as some reactions to acute pain, can only be
understood by incorporating psychological variables into explana-tory models. Exclusively …

Objective: What is the role of psychological factors in chronic pain and chronic pain
disability? Methodology: The literature search identified 20 observational studies to provide …

A dynamic view of both physiological and psychological response of an individual after
injury (trauma, surgery) should improve our ability to target predisposed patients who might …

a noxious stimulus is not pain [3]. The International Association for the Study of Pain has
defined pain in the following way:“Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience …

This paper, the second of two, concerning the study of psychological factors in chronic pain,
presents a critical appraisal of the literature. Questionable assumptions, flawed …