Post-traumatic stress disorder is a severe, debilitating mental disorder with multiple
symptoms that span biological systems and present with medical comorbidities. This …

This chapter discussed how neuroendocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) potentially inform hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) alterations in PTSD and …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is activated in response to stressor detection
in order to mobilize resources critical for survival. Chronic or extreme stress precipitates …

Conventional human stress responses are mediated by the sympathetic adrenal medullar
(SAM) axis and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The SAM axis mediates the …

Neuroendocrine studies examining the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under
baseline conditions and in response to neuroendocrine challenges have supported the …

At the current time, there are few effective pharmacotherapy options for posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), and no medication strategies targeted towards PTSD prophylaxis. This in …

The acute stress response includes activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA)
axis, which leads to the release of cortisol, a glucocorticoid. Through negative feedback …

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation has
inconsistently been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, trauma …

Highlights•Low cortisol, enhanced GR function and a pro-inflammatory state have been
repeatedly observed in subpopulations of PTSD patients.•Biological dysregulation may …

The majority of studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate alterations
consistent with an enhanced negative feedback inhibition of cortisol on the pituitary and an …