Theories in many substantive disciplines specify the mediating mechanisms by which an
antecedent variable is related to an outcome variable. In both intervention and observational …

Methods Identification of Natural Direct Effects When a Confounder of the Mediator Is
Directly Affected by Exposure

Recent criticism of epidemiologic methods has focused on the limitations of 'black
box'epidemiology, a pejorative label given to the simple identification of exposure–disease …

The target of many empirical studies in the social, behavioral, and health sciences is the
causal effect, here denoted P (y| do (x)), which measures the total effect of a manipulated …

Identifying mediators in variable chains as part of a causal mediation analysis can shed light
on issues of causation, assessment, and intervention. However, coefficients and effect sizes …

Statistical mediation analysis is used to investigate intermediate variables in the relation
between independent and dependent variables. Causal interpretation of mediation analyses …

It is common to present multiple adjusted effect estimates from a single model in a single
table. For example, a table might show odds ratios for one or more exposures and also for …

In the last few years, there have been a number of papers developing methods for mediation
analysis from a counterfactual perspective, building on some of the original insights of …

Mediation analysis seeks to explain the pathway (s) through which an exposure affects an
outcome. Traditional, non-instrumental variable methods for mediation analysis experience …

Recent work has considerably advanced the definition, identification and estimation of
controlled direct, and natural direct and indirect effects in causal mediation analysis. Despite …