There are two important pathological features associated with carotid-cavernous fistula
(CCF): the retrograde cortical venous drainage that can cause intracranial haemorrhage and …

Introduction Carotid-cavernous fistulae are rare and affect visual prognosis. Their clinical
presentation is varied and delayed diagnosis is common. They require rapid neuro-radio …

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are anomalous connections between the carotid
circulation and the cavernous sinus, and may cause significant morbidity. Endovascular …

Abstract Background and Purpose To present the first study analyzing the clinical and
radiological course of carotid‐cavernous fistulas (CCFs) following incomplete embolization …

We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with a complex indirect (Barrow D) carotid
cavernous sinus fistula. The patient was treated incrementally and finally cured by a rarely …

Purpose Spontaneous direct carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) are usually caused by a
ruptured carotid cavernous aneurysm. We studied treatment of spontaneous direct CCFs in …

Background Techniques for endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs)
have evolved over the years. Current strategies include transarterial or transvenous …

Objectives–In indirect carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulas (CCF), abnormal connections exist
between tiny dural branches of the external and/or internal carotid system and the …

Treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) has progressed from surgical ligation to
surgical trapping to endovascular techniques. Endovascular therapies are advantageous as …

Objective Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are pathologic arteriovenous shunts between
the carotid artery and cavernous sinus. The resulting venous congestion within the …