The brain is a target of steroid hormone actions that affect brain architecture, molecular and
neurochemical processes, behavior and neuroprotection via both genomic and non …

Besides their well-established actions on reproductive functions, estrogens exert a variety of
actions on many regions of the nervous system that influence higher cognitive function, pain …

In theoretical terms, sex differences in brains and behaviors of laboratory animals offer the
possibility of fascinating scientific studies on a range of molecular phenomena such as …

Recent advances in our knowledge of estrogen action in the brain suggest that this steroid is
not solely an endocrine factor but plays important but hitherto largely unrecognized …

The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an “inside-outside” manner during embryonic
development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …

Estrogen is an important hormone signal that regulates multiple tissues and functions in the
body. This review focuses on the neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen in the …

The classic view of estrogen actions in the brain was confined to regulation of ovulation and
reproductive behavior in the female of all mamamalian species studied, including humans …

IN 1936, Carroll Pfeiffer reported that the sexual pattern of reproduction in the mature rat
could be reversed by perinatal manipulation of its gonads. Castration of newborn male rats …

Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in
numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in …