Basic in vitro systems can be used to model and assess complex diseases, such as cancer.
Recent advances in this field include the incorporation of multiple cell types and …

Introduction The high failure rate in drug discovery remains a costly and time-consuming
challenge. Improving the odds of success in the early steps of drug development requires …

Evaluation of cancer therapeutics by utilizing 3D tumor models, before clinical studies, could
be more advantageous than conventional 2D tumor models (monolayer cultures). The 3D …

A few decades ago, the notion that a patient's own immune system could recognize and
eliminate tumor cells was highly controversial; now, it is the basis for a thriving new field of …

Three-dimensional cell culture technology (3DCC) sits between two-dimensional cell culture
(2DCC) and animal models and is widely used in oncology research. Compared to 2DCC …

Cancer occurs when cells acquire genomic instability and inflammation, produce abnormal
levels of epigenetic factors/proteins and tumor suppressors, reprogram the energy …

Numerous studies to date have contributed to a paradigm shift in modeling cancer, moving
from the traditional two-dimensional culture system to three-dimensional (3D) culture …

In recent years, evidence has indicated that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a
significant role in tumor progression. Fibroblasts represent an abundant cell population in …

In vitro cancer research models require the utmost accuracy and precision to effectively
investigate physiological pathways and mechanisms, as well as test the therapeutic efficacy …

Cancer is a multifactorial disease that is responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra-
and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted …