The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Despite advances in medicine and biomedical sciences, cancer still remains a major health
issue. Complex interactions between tumors and their microenvironment contribute to tumor …

Classically, most cell culture experiments have been performed under adherent 2D
conditions. Cells in the human body grow within an organized 3D matrix, surrounded by …

Introduction: Cell culture models have been at the heart of anti-cancer drug discovery
programs for over half a century. Advancements in cell culture techniques have seen the …

The complexity and diversity of the biochemical processes that occur during tumorigenesis
and metastasis are frequently over-simplified in the traditional in vitro cell cultures. Two …

Simple Summary To study any disease, researchers need convenient and relevant disease
models. In cancer, the most commonly used models are two-dimensional (2D) culture …

The mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal evolution of tumor ecosystems present a
challenge in evaluating drug efficacy. In this Perspective, we address the use of three …

High attrition of new oncology drug candidates in clinical trials is partially caused by the poor
predictive capacity of artificial monolayer cell culture assays early in drug discovery …

Cancer cell lines have contributed immensely in understanding the complex physiology of
cancers. They are excellent material for studies as they offer homogenous samples without …

For many decades, fundamental cancer research has relied on two-dimensional in vitro cell
culture models. However, these provide a poor representation of the complex three …