The initiation and propagation of action potentials (APs) places high demands on the
energetic resources of neural tissue. Each AP forces ATP-driven ion pumps to work harder …

The action potential of the unmyelinated nerve is metabolically expensive. Using the
energetic cost per unit length for the biophysically modeled action potential of the squid …

The energy efficiency of neural signal transmission is important not only as a limiting factor
in brain architecture, but it also influences the interpretation of functional brain imaging …

Action potential generation and conduction requires large quantities of energy to restore
Na+ and K+ ion gradients. We investigated the subcellular location and voltage dependence …

It is now known that action potential generation in nearly all types of neurons and muscle
cells is accomplished through mechanisms similar to those first detailed in the squid giant …

The brain contains an astonishing diversity of neurons, each expressing only one set of ion
channels out of the billions of potential channel combinations. Simple organizing principles …

Clay, John R. Excitability of the squid giant axon revisited. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 903–913,
1998. The electrical properties of the giant axon from the common squid Loligo pealei have …

Highlights•Electrical signaling consumes substantial amounts of energy influencing
physiology and anatomy.•Action potential energy consumption depends on the voltage …

Over 50 years ago, Hodgkin and Huxley laid down the foundations of our current
understanding of ionic channels. An impressive progress has been made during the …

In most vertebrate neurons, action potentials are triggered at the distal end of the axon initial
segment (AIS). Both position and length of the AIS vary across and within neuron types, with …