The potential for the build-up of resistance to a particular antibiotic endangers its therapeutic
application over time. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become one of the most …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) has appeared in response to selective pressures resulting from
the incorrect use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. This inappropriate application and …

Gram-negative bacteria express a plethora of efflux pumps that are capable of transporting
structurally varied molecules, including antibiotics, out of the bacterial cell. This efflux lowers …

Active efflux from procaryotic as well as eucaryotic cells strongly modulates the activity of a
large number of antibiotics. Effective antibiotic transport has now been observed for many …

Antibiotic efflux is a mechanism that is well-documented in the phenotype of multidrug
resistance in bacteria. Efflux is considered as an early facilitating mechanism in the bacterial …

Multidrug efflux transporters are normal constituents of bacterial cells. These transporters
are major contributors to intrinsic resistance of bacteria to many anti-microbial agents. In …

Antibiotics are vital to modern medicine. However, bacterial resistance constitutes a growing
threat to effective antimicrobial therapy worldwide. Indeed, antimicrobial resistance …

Resistance of bacteria to many classes of antibiotics is an increasing problem worldwide.
Multidrug resistance efflux pumps are recognized as an important component of resistance …

Antibiotics effective against Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens are a critical area of unmet
need. Infections caused by these pathogens are not only difficult to treat but finding new …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …