Immune checkpoints or coinhibitory receptors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen
(CTLA)-4 and programmed death (PD)-1, play important roles in regulating T cell responses …

Among the main promising systems to triggering therapeutic antitumor immunity is the
blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint pathways regulate the control and …

Immune checkpoint receptors are crucial molecules for fine-tuning immune responses.
Checkpoint signaling dampens T cell activation to avoid autoimmunity and the destructive …

Immune checkpoints are a diverse set of inhibitory signals to the immune system that play a
functional role in adaptive immune response and self-tolerance. Dysregulation of these …

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression.
Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important …

Finding effective treatments for cancer remains a challenge. Recent studies have found that
the mechanisms of tumor evasion are becoming increasingly diverse, including abnormal …

The immune system frequently comprises immunological checkpoints. They serve as a
barrier to keep the immune system from overreacting and damaging cells that are robust …

The interaction of the host immune system with tumor cells in the tissue microenvironment is
essential in understanding tumor immunity and development of successful cancer …

Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers, as the immune
modification of an immune checkpoint (IC) confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor …

Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the immune system to inhibit tumor growth or prevent
metastases. Tumor cells primarily employ altered expression of human leukocyte antigen …