Among the main promising systems to triggering therapeutic antitumor immunity is the
blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint pathways regulate the control and …

Immune checkpoints or coinhibitory receptors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen
(CTLA)-4 and programmed death (PD)-1, play important roles in regulating T cell responses …

Among the most promising approaches to activating therapeutic antitumour immunity is the
blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a plethora of inhibitory …

Immune checkpoint receptors are crucial molecules for fine-tuning immune responses.
Checkpoint signaling dampens T cell activation to avoid autoimmunity and the destructive …

Immunology-based therapy is rapidly developing into an effective treatment option for a
surprising range of cancers. We have learned over the last decade that powerful …

Background The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins and the mechanisms by which
cancer cells utilize them to evade the immune system has transformed our approach to …

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression.
Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important …

The immune system frequently comprises immunological checkpoints. They serve as a
barrier to keep the immune system from overreacting and damaging cells that are robust …

During immune responses antigen-specific T cells are regulated by several mechanisms,
including through inhibitory receptors and regulatory T cells, to avoid excessive or persistent …

Immune responses are tightly regulated via signaling through numerous co-stimulatory and
co-inhibitory molecules. Exploitation of these immune checkpoint pathways is one of the …