Memories are rarely acquired under ideal conditions, rendering them vulnerable to profound
omissions, errors, and ambiguities. Consistent with this, recent work using context fear …

The formation and extinction of fear memories represent two forms of learning that each
engage the hippocampus and amygdala. How cell populations in these areas contribute to …

Fear extinction is pivotal for inhibiting fear responding to former threat‐predictive stimuli. In
rodents, short intervals between fear acquisition and extinction impair extinction recall …

Extinction of classically conditioned fear, like its acquisition, is active learning, but little is
known about its molecular mechanisms. We recently reported that temporal massing of …

Fear conditioning is a fundamentally important and preserved process across species,. In
humans it is linked to fear-related disorders such as phobias and post-traumatic stress …

Laboratory models of extinction learning in animals and humans have the potential to
illuminate methods for improving clinical treatment of fear-based clinical disorders. However …

Memory for contextual fear conditioning relies upon the retrosplenial cortex (RSC)
regardless of how long ago conditioning occurred, whereas areas connected to the RSC …

The ability to extinguish aversive memories when they are no longer associated with danger
is critical for balancing survival with competing adaptive demands. Previous studies …

Evolutionary threats (ETs), such as predatory animals and heights, elicit stronger fear
responses and are more often the subject of specific phobias, as compared to modern …

Extinction memory retrieval is influenced by spatial contextual information that determines
responding to conditioned stimuli (CS). However, it is poorly understood whether contextual …