Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins involved in innate immunity by
recognizing microbial conserved structures. Recent studies have shown that TLR3 …

Toll-like receptors play important roles in regulating immunity against microbial infections.
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) belongs to a subfamily comprising TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and TLR7 are indispensable for host defense against viral
infection by recognizing virus-derived RNAs and are localized to intracellular membranes …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form a major group of transmembrane receptors that are involved
in the detection of invading pathogens. Double-stranded RNA is a marker for viral infection …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 recognizes dsRNA and transduces signals to activate NF-
κB and IFN-β promoter. Type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) function as key cytokines in anti-viral host …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules of the innate immune systems, which detect
conserved structures found in a broad range of pathogens and trigger innate immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed in the innate immune system. They
recognize conserved microbial ligands such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides or …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the largest pattern recognition receptors responsible for
activating the innate and adaptive immune response against viruses through the release of …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family functions to recognize conserved microbial and viral
structures with the purpose of activating signal pathways to instigate immune responses …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate innate immune responses to microbes. TLR2, TLR5,
TLR6, and TLR9 have been implicated in responses to bacterial components, and TLR4 is …