In four experiments, subjects read route or survey descriptions of naturalistic environments
and then answered verbatim or inference questions from both perspectives and drew maps …

Spatial descriptions symbolically represent environmental information through language
and are written in two primary perspectives: survey, analogous to viewing a map, and route …

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that spatial descriptions spontaneously construct
spatial mental models of the described scenes as a natural consequence of reading for …

In two experiments, participants received a spatial description relating a route through an
environment. Descriptions differed in terms of the spatial perspective presented, either route …

Subjects in three experiments read texts describing the locations of landmarks in a fictitious
town. Later they drew sketch maps and verified sentences describing the relative locations …

Two informationally equivalent texts were constructed which described a fictitious town,
emphasizing its spatial layout. In one version (Survey text), spatial information was in …

This study investigated whether spatial situation models are constructed in naturalistic story
comprehension. The experiment featured a relatively complex, naturalistic text. When …

Successful wayfinding requires accurate encoding of two types of information: landmarks
and the spatial relations between them (eg, landmark X is left/north of Y). Although both …

Mental models of text are representations of what the text is about (ie, situations), rather than
representations of the text itself. Many mental model theories propose that mental models …

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the processes involved when people use
spatial descriptions intended to assist navigation. More specifically, we compared the …