Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunity receptors that are expressed on a wide range
of cell types, including CNS glial cells. In general, TLR engagement by specific sets of …

In contrast to other tissues, the central nervous system (CNS) is essentially devoid of MHC
expression and shielded from antibodies by the blood–brain barrier. Therefore, a rapid local …

Within the central nervous system, astrocytes and microglia are the primary responders to
endogenous ligands released upon injury and stress, as well as to infectious pathogens …

Astrocytes play an important role in initiating and regulating CNS immune responses
through the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Here we demonstrate …

The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the CNS is only starting to be uncovered. As in
peripheral organs, multiple TLRs are dynamically expressed. They are involved in mounting …

The immediate or innate immune response is the first line of defense against diverse
microbial pathogens and requires the expression of recently discovered toll-like receptors …

Reactive gliosis is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory
disease in the CNS, yet the stimuli that drive this response are not known. There is growing …

Astrocytes react to brain injury with a generic response known as reactive gliosis, which
involves activation of multiple intracellular pathways including several that may be beneficial …

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family play critical roles as regulators of innate and
adaptive immune responses. TLRs function by recognizing diverse molecular patterns on …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in controlling innate immune responses to a wide
variety of pathogen‐associated molecules as well as endogenous signals. In addition, TLR …