Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by prolonged
hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR). Its incidence is increasing annually, posing a …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder. In coming decades it will be one of the
leading causes of death globally. The key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes are …

Diabetes, a chronic disease significantly affects peoples' health and quality of life. It is a
major contributor of severe health complications, such as blindness, kidney failure, heart …

Autophagy, a double-edged sword for cell survival, is the research object on 2016 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Autophagy is a molecular mechanism for maintaining …

Autophagy is essential in regulating the turnover of macromolecules via removing damaged
organelles, misfolded proteins in various tissues, including liver, skeletal muscles, and …

Autophagy is critical for the maintenance of organelle function and intracellular nutrient
environment. Autophagy is also involved in systemic metabolic homeostasis, and its …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe, long‐term condition characterised by
disruptions in glucolipid and energy metabolism. Autophagy, a fundamental cellular …

Autophagy functions to degrade and recycle intracellular proteins and damaged organelles,
maintaining the normal cellular function. Autophagy has been shown to play an important …

Insulin is a critical hormone that promotes energy storage in various tissues, as well as
anabolic functions. Insulin resistance significantly reduces these responses, resulting in …

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease whose hyperglycemic state can induce diverse
complications and even threaten human health and life security. Currently, the treatment of …