This study examined the possible existence of three distinct, hierarchically ordered
categories of constraints on leisure originally proposed by Crawford and Godbey (1987) and …

Four models of leisure constraint negotiation (independence, buffer, mitigation, reduction)
based on competing views of how constraint, negotiation, and motivation are interconnected …

In recent years, the strategies that people use to negotiate the constraint process have been
found to be an important predictor of leisure participation (Hubbard & Mannell, 2001; Loucks …

Samdahl and Jekubovich (1997) suggested that the constraints paradigm has shaped
leisure research in such a way that it is now difficult to adopt alternative explanations of …

This exploratory paper has three objectives:(1) to develop categories for variables related to
two key components of leisure constraints negotiation—problems encountered and …

This paper addresses the already substantial literature on constraints to participation in
outdoor recreation, by offering a European perspective on what has largely been a North …

This study extends the leisure constraints research. Specifically, the constraints-effects-
mitigation model is examined in the context of park visitors' leisure time physical activity …

The purpose of this study was to empirically test Crawford, Jackson and Godbey (1991)
constraints model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) for construct validity within the …

Unlike prospective participants with desire for initial participation, current participants are
likely to have different interest in habitual leisure engagement from participation itself …

This paper reviews 52 leisure involvement data sets in the context of 13 propositions
developed a decade earlier (Havitz & Dimanche, 1990). The review suggests that five of the …