Chronic viral infections and malignant tumours induce T cells that have a reduced ability to
secrete effector cytokines and have upregulated expression of the inhibitory receptor PD1 …

The role of CD8 T cells in adaptive immune responses is well understood. These
lymphocytes respond through their T cell receptors to diverse antigens presented by MHC …

CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4-CTLs) have been reported to play a protective role in
several viral infections. However, little is known in humans about the biology of CD4-CTL …

Numerous microbes establish persistent infections, accompanied by antigen-specific CD8 T
cell activation. Pathogen-specific T cells in chronically infected hosts are often …

The common γ-chain cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, regulate critical aspects of
antiviral CD8 T-cell responses. During acute infections, IL-2 controls expansion and …

CD8+ T cell exhaustion impedes control of chronic viral infection; yet how new T cell
responses are mounted during chronic infection is unclear. Unlike T cells primed at the …

CD4+ T cells are critical for host defense but are also major drivers of immune-mediated
disease. These T cells specialize to become distinct subsets and produce restricted patterns …

Immunity to infections relies on clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells, their maintenance as
effector CTLs, and their selection into a memory population. These processes rely on …

Highlights•Hyporesponsive T cells in cancer and chronic infection have unique and shared
features.•Heterogeneity of hyporesponsive T cells is determined by spatiotemporal …

Regulation of immune system is of paramount importance to prevent immune attacks against
self-components. Mice deficient in the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-15 receptor β chain, CD122, are …