Most organisms on Earth use glucose, a photosynthetic product, as energy source. The
chloroplast, the home of photosynthesis, is the most representative and characteristic …

The chloroplast is essential for the viability of plants. It is enclosed by a double-membrane
envelope that originated from the outer and plasma membranes of a cyanobacterial …

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are two distinct organelles essential for plant viability. They
evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts and share a common ancestor with extant Gram …

The chloroplast is surrounded by a double‐membrane envelope at which proteins, ions, and
numerous metabolites including nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates …

Certain small outer envelope membrane proteins of chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear
genome without a cleavable N-terminal transit peptide. We investigated in vivo the targeting …

The inner envelope membrane (IEM) of the chloroplast plays crucial roles in forming an
osmotic barrier and controlling metabolite exchange between the organelle and the cytosol …

Plastids are a dynamic class of organelle in plant cells that arose from an ancient
cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Over the course of evolution, most genes encoding plastid …

A two-membrane system, or envelope, surrounds plastids. Because of the integration of
chloroplast metabolism within the plant cell, the envelope is the site of many specific …

The chloroplast houses various metabolic processes essential for plant viability. This
organelle originated from an ancestral cyanobacterium via endosymbiosis and maintains …

Chloroplasts are descendants of an ancient endosymbiotic cyanobacterium that lived inside
a eukaryotic cell. They inherited the prokaryotic double membrane envelope from …