This article reviews the development of the immune response through neonatal, infant and
adult life, including pregnancy, ending with the decline in old age. A picture emerges of a …

During foetal development, neonatal period and childhood, the immune system is constantly
maturing. In the foetus, infection responsiveness is low and associates with spontaneous …

The early stages of life are associated with increased susceptibility to infection, which is in
part due to an ineffective immune system. In the context of infection, the immune system …

Exiting from the largely sterile environment of the womb, the neonatal immune system is not
fully mature, and thus neonatal immune cells must simultaneously mount responses against …

Evolutionary pressure has selected individuals with traits that allow them to survive to
reproduction, without consideration of the consequences for the post‐child rearing years …

The past decade has brought great strides in our understanding of adaptive immunity in
neonatal mice. Although poor immune responses are commonly observed, it is now clear …

A recent meeting3The International Symposium on Immunity in Early Life was held at
Annecy, France, on 17–19 November 1997. 3 focused on the functional development of the …

In the classic sense, immunity is the ability of an organism to resist disease. On the one
hand, we must distinguish between age and disease; on the other hand, the interaction …

The human immune system comprises cellular and molecular components designed to
coordinately prevent infection while avoiding potentially harmful inflammation and …

The concept of immunological memory stipulates that past exposures shape present
immune function. These exposures include not only specific antigens impacting adaptive …