Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vascular cell
proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis. TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) is a receptor for …

Background Recent accumulating evidence suggests that toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) is
involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, its role in pulmonary …

Rationale: Recent studies demonstrate a role for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the
pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH); however, the cell types involved in mediating …

Current data suggest that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key molecule in the innate immune
response, may also be activated following tissue injury. Activation of this receptor is known …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) contributes to morbidity and mortality of patients with
lung and heart diseases. We demonstrated that hypoxia induced PAH and increased …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but fatal condition in which raised
pulmonary vascular resistance leads to right heart failure and death. Endothelin-1 is a potent …

TLRs have been studied extensively in the context of pathogen challenges, yet their role in
the unchallenged lung is unknown. Given their direct interface with the external …

Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PA-SMC) proliferation and inflammation are key
components of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Interleukin (IL)-1β binds to IL-1 …

Extract Growing evidence supports the contention that immune dysregulation and
autoimmunity predispose and contribute to the pathological remodelling that characterise …

Background The immune mechanisms associated with infection-induced disease
exacerbations in asthma and COPD are not fully understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 has …