The precise mechanism (s) whereby normal cells become malignant are not known with any
degree of certainty. However, many mechanisms have been proposed on the basis of …

This discussion is concerned with the multiplicity of factors that influence the initiation of
neoplasia and its subsequent course. Factors that are not strictly “carcinogenic” may …

A not yet understood phenomenon in carcinogenesis is presented by the enormous species-
specific and age-specific differences in cellular susceptibility to malignant transformation …

A new theory of carcinogenesis is presented. It is based on the premise that the initial step in
the development of cancer is injury by a carcinogen of the coding units in the specialized …

A unifying concept that appears to provide an understanding of cancer as a fundamental
scientific problem is presented. This concept, which was initially developed on the basis of …

The following analysis will be based on several major assumptions: namely, carcinogenesis,
in the main, can be conceptualized by the initiationipromotion concept (1-4); and the …

Both genetic and epigenetic events play an important role in oncogenic processes. This
review discusses the four hypothesis for the origin of neoplastic transformation (mutational …

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that in the last few decades, the validity of the
initiation-promotion concept has been demonstrated in a number of different organs. It was …

SUMMARY 1 I employ cancer in a broad sense to cover all products of malignant neoplasia–
carcinomas, sarcomas, leukaemias and ascites tumours–and tumour to cover all …

The belief that a neoplastic cell develops from a normal progenitor due to structural changes
in DNA has been a fundamental basis of the study of the molecular biology of cancer …