How, why, and when specific T and B lymphocytes respond against infection follow explicit
rules, but how this can be assessed experimentally depends crucially on the methodology …

The magnitude of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses is not fixed but correlates with the
severity of infection. Although by definition T cell response size is the product of both the …

In recent years the molecular basis of antigen recognition by T cells has been unraveled and
the various pathways that control T cell activation and functional specialization have been …

The survival of viruses depends on the survival of susceptible hosts. The vertebrate immune
system and viruses have therefore coevolved complementary facets. Evidence from various …

The immune system has long been recognized for its importance in eliminating pathogens.
Recently, it has become appreciated for additional distinct roles in normal tissue biology …

The vertebrate body is an ideal breeding ground for viruses and provides the conditions that
promote their growth, survival, and transmission. The immune system evolved and deals …

Lymphocytes are a late evolutionary addition to the immune system of vertebrates, enabling
effective host defense against a wide variety of pathogenic microbes. The effector cells of the …

The immune system responds in a regulated fashion to microbes and eliminates them, but it
does not respond to self-antigens. Several regulatory mechanisms function to terminate …

The immune system is capable of making qualitatively distinct responses against different
microbial infections, and recent advances are starting to reveal how it manages this complex …

The innate immune system evolved several strategies of self/nonself discrimination that are
based on the recognition of molecular patterns demarcating infectious nonself, as well as …