Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Although the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) has remained obscure, many findings support
an autoimmune pathogenesis on the background of a complex interaction between multiple …

We have entered a golden era in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. Two decades ago, our
understanding of the disease was largely descriptive and there were no approved therapies …

In recent years, multiple sclerosis (MS) research has progressed on several fronts,
prompting numerous clinical trials, primarily for immunotherapeutics. Although several new …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by both
inflammation and axonal degeneration. The resulting demyelination and subsequent …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

Two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory treatments for multiple sclerosis
point to distinct immunological pathways that drive disease relapses and progression. In …

Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

Discussions of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology tend to focus on T cells and B cells
of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is less commonly considered …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) that is characterised pathologically by demyelination, gliosis, neuro-axonal damage …