THE scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) is now an established tool for the study of
ordered metal and semiconductor surfaces on an atomic scale1, 2. Here we demonstrate the …

In a very short time the scanning tunnelling microscope has become an important tool in
surface science, and physics in general1–3. Its primary use has been to obtain atomic …

SINCE its invention in the early 1980s by Binnig and Rohrer1, 2, the scanning tunnelling
microscope (STM) has provided images of surfaces and adsorbed atoms and molecules …

Since its conception1, the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been used principally
to explore surfaces of well ordered inorganic solids and graphite2, 3. We now report the first …

THE scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been used to visualize DNA1 under water2,
under oil3 and in air4–6. Images of single-stranded DNA have shown that submolecular …

THE potential of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) as a tool for the high-resolution
manipulation of surfaces and surface-adsorbed phases has been amply demonstrated1–5 …

Although techniques are available for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of
biological specimens, for example scanning electron microscopy, they all have some …

THE scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has yielded great insight into the structure of
surfaces and into the dynamics of surface reconstruction and adsorption1. We show here …

Using the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) to mechanically manipulate
individual atoms and molecules on a surface is now a well established procedure,. Similarly …

SEVERAL variants of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) have been developed
since its invention1. Here we present the first demonstration of a new type of microscope …