Background: There is a 3-fold redundancy in the Genetic Code; most amino acids are
encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used equally; there is …

Background There is a 3-fold redundancy in the Genetic Code; most amino acids are
encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used equally; there is …

In protein-coding genes, the genetic code defines the translational mapping from nucleotide
triplets (or codons) to amino acids. Synonymous codons translate to the same amino acid …

Since the genetic code is degenerate, several codons are translated to the same amino
acid. Although these triplets were historically considered to be “synonymous” and therefore …

Codon usage bias (CUB) reflects the frequency distribution of codons usage in the genome.
Several studies suggest that CUB is based on the combinations, which are most chemically …

Synonymous codon usage biases are associated with various biological factors, such as
gene expression level, gene length, gene translation initiation signal, protein amino acid …

In a wide variety of organisms, synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a
phenomenon known as codon bias. Population genetic studies have shown that …

Codon bias refers to the nonrandom usage of synonymous codons for encoding amino
acids in organisms. As it is related to the carrier molecular of genetic information (DNA) and …

Codon usage bias refers to the phenomenon where specific codons are used more often
than other synonymous codons during translation of genes, the extent of which varies within …

Codon usage bias is a well recognized phenomenon but the relative influence of its major
causes: G+ C content, mutational biases, and selection, are often difficult to disentangle …