Analysis of codon usage data has both practical and theoretical applications in
understanding the basics of molecular biology. Differences in codon usage patterns among …

Much of modern biological research aims to characterize the relationship between genotype
and phenotype. Evolutionary biology is more ambitious. An understanding of how genotype …

Natural selection on codon usage is a pervasive force that acts on a large variety of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Despite this, obtaining reliable estimates of selection …

Codon-based models of evolution are a relatively new addition to the toolkit of
computational biologists, and in recent years remarkable progress has been made in this …

Background Statistics measuring codon selection seek to compare genes by their sensitivity
to selection for translational efficiency, but existing statistics lack a model for testing the …

There has been significant progress in understanding the process of protein translation in
recent years. One of the best examples is the discovery of usage bias in successive …

In a wide range of genomes, it was observed that the usage of synonymous codons is
biased toward specific codons and codon patterns. Factors that are implicated in the …

Codon usage bias (CUB)—preferential use of one of the synonymous codons, has been
described in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to mammals, but it has not yet been …

The genetic code is degenerate—most amino acids can be encoded by from two to as many
as six different codons. The synonymous codons are not used with equal frequency: not only …

Codon usage bias affects the genomes of organisms from all kingdoms of life and results
from both background substitution biases and natural selection. Natural selection on codon …