Animals adapt action-selection policies when the relationship between possible actions and
associated outcomes changes. Prefrontal cortical neurons vary their discharge patterns …

An operant is a behavioral act that has an impact on the environment to produce an
outcome, constituting an important component of voluntary behavior. Because the …

To expedite the selection of action under a structured behavioral context, we develop an
expedient to promote its efficiency: tactics for action selection. Setting up a behavioral …

For behaviour to be purposeful, it is important to monitor the preceding behavioural context,
particularly for factors regarding stimulus, response and outcome. The dorsolateral …

The basal ganglia play key roles in adaptive behaviors guided by reward and punishment.
However, despite accumulating knowledge, few studies have tested how heterogeneous …

Everyday activities require adaptive decision-making and control over our actions to achieve
our goals. Sub-regions within the cortex are widely reported to regulate these choices. Here …

The functions of prefrontal cortex remain enigmatic, especially for its anterior sectors,
putatively ranging from planning to self-initiated behavior, social cognition, task switching …

Internal representations of action-outcome relationships are necessary for flexible
adaptation of motivated behavior in dynamic environments. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is …

Considerable behavioral data indicate that operant actions can become habitual, as
demonstrated by insensitivity to changes in the action–outcome contingency and in …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a critical role in behavioral flexibility by
monitoring action–outcome contingencies. How PFC ensembles represent shifts in behavior …