Background The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We …

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance may limit the
benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This cohort study examined patterns of drug …

Background There are few data on the epidemiology of primary HIV-1 drug resistance after
the roll-out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to assess the …

Background Pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating or re-initiating antiretroviral
therapy (ART) containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) might …

Background The emergence and spread of high levels of HIV-1 drug resistance in resource-
limited settings where combination antiretroviral treatment has been scaled up could …

Little is known about the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance
mutations present at time of regimen switch on the response to second-line antiretroviral …

Background. After the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection in Africa, increasing numbers of patients have pretreatment drug …

Background: We assessed risk factors for viremia and drug resistance among long-term
recipients of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. Methods: In 2008, we conducted a …

Background Emerging HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) could jeopardize the success of
standardized HIV management protocols in resource-limited settings. We characterized …

Background Cross-resistance after first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure is expected to
impair activity of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in second-line therapy …