Ammonia is an unusual toxicant in that it is produced by, as well as being poisonous to,
animals. In aqueous solution ammonia has two species, NH 3 and NH 4+, total ammonia is …

This review aims to explore the biological responses of fish in estuaries to increased levels
of environmental ammonia. Results from laboratory and field studies on responses of fish to …

Publisher Summary Ammonia is mainly produced in fish through catabolism of amino acids.
Ingested proteins are hydrolyzed producing amino acids, the catabolism of which leads to …

United States and European water quality criteria to protect aquatic life assume that the
toxicity of aqueous am-monia is attributable to the un-ionized (NH3) chemical species, and …

Ammonia is present in the aquatic environment due to agricultural run-off and
decomposition of biological waste. Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates causing convulsions …

Using a continuous-flow method a total of 14 acute toxicity bioassays were conducted using
seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), seabream (Spams aurata) and turbot (Scophthalmus …

Ammonia is a widely distributed chemical found in surface waters. Its toxicity to aquatic life is
principally due to the un-ionized (NH3) form. An extensive review on ammonia toxicity to …

Laboratory toxicity tests were performed to obtain more data on the toxicity of ammonia to
saltwater organisms. The standards for in‐stream ammonia limits in marine environments …

With the development of air‐breathing capabilities, some fishes can emerge from water,
make excursions onto land or even burrow into mud during droughts. Air‐breathing fishes …

Most tropical fishes are ammonotelic, producing ammonia and excreting it as NH3 by
diffusion across the branchial epithelia. Hence, those air-breathing tropical fishes that …