The existing vaccines against influenza are based on the generation of neutralizing antibody
primarily directed against surface proteins—hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In this work …

The avian influenza is an important infectious disease of birds. The genome of influenza A
virus was segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA molecules, which encodes …

The highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses have been recognized as a potential
pandemic threat to humans, and to the poultry industry since 1997. H5 viruses consist of a …

Peptide-based vaccines are an appealing strategy which involves usage of short synthetic
peptides to engineer a highly targeted immune response. These short synthetic peptides …

Pandemic threats of the H1N1 influenza virus have drawn attention to developing a
universal vaccine against circulating and future strains of this virus. An immunoinformatics …

The sudden emergence of a human infecting strain of H7N9 influenza virus in China in 2013
leading to fatalities in about 30% of the cases has caused wide concern that additional …

Influenza viruses are the most common cause of serious respiratory illnesses worldwide and
are responsible for a significant number of annual fatalities. Therefore, it is crucial to look for …

The unpredictable, evolutionary nature of the influenza A virus (IAV) is the primary problem
when generating a vaccine and when designing diagnostic strategies; thus, it is necessary …

Influenza A surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the
major targets of neutralizing antibodies which necessitate their inclusion in influenza …

Influenza causes yearly epidemics of mild disease and, occasionally, pandemics with
millions of fatalities. Currently, no vaccine is effective against all influenza strains. Analysis of …